The Common Pitfalls of Medical Translations from English to Cebuano

The Common Pitfalls of Medical Translations from English to Cebuano**
Jessie Grace Udang-Rubrico, PhD

There has been an increased demand in the last 10 years or so for translations from the English language to Cebuano, or Binisaya or Bisaya. Majority of these are requests for medical translation –brochures, surveys, interviews, researches on new drugs, questionnaires, forms, etc. There are lots of translators out there who try their hand at medical translation. As Cebuano language consultant to medical research centers and reputable translation agencies, I get a sizable amount of translation outputs for backtranslation, editing, linguistic review, and/or linguistic coordination. However, I sometimes decline job requests for back translation (BT) or editing due to the poor quality of the forward translations (FT).

What are the problems with these outputs? It can be any, or all, of the following:
(1) lexical –inappropriate word choice; wrong form of the word chosen; incongruous combination of English terms and Bisayan words in a clause; Bisaya-Tagalog codeswitching.
(2) syntactic –inconsistent ordering of words in a given clause which blocks the natural flow of text in the target language; tendencies of translators to follow the English syntax and to do the slot correspondence which sometimes cause ambiguity or, worse, confusion on the import of the clause; the omission of markers and linkers that renders a phrase or a clause or any given string ill-formed.
(3) semantic – ambiguity and/or the loss of the context of the source text; narrowing or diminution of meaning; broadening of scope of the meaning of the source text.

Medical translation is a job for highly-skilled translators who specialize in the field. It has its own jargons. It demands accuracy. It requires thorough understanding of the source –the words, phrases, clauses, which make up the whole- as well as fluency in both the source and target languages.

This paper discusses the pitfalls or snags which render medical translation outputs ambiguous and inaccurate and, thus, unreliable.

**An abstract of a paper which will be read during the 10th Philippine Linguistic Congress at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City on December 10-12, 2008.

Hagit Alang sa mga Bisaya

Ang kultura sa usa ka grupo sa katawhan gipadayag sa ilang pinulongan. Busa daghan kaayog pulong ang mga Eskimo alang sa “snow” kay mao man kini ang ilang kalibotan, samtang kita walay takdo nga ikatugbang niini sa lumad natong pinulongan kay wala may “snow” sa atong palibot.Apan ang mga Pilipino daghan sab ug terminolohiya alang sa “rice” kay mao man ning atong gikaon sa adlaw-adlaw. Duna tay bugas, bugas-mais, humay; lainlaing klase sa bugas –denorado, pilit (lainlaing klase sab sa pilit), ugbp; ang luto na nga bugas – kan-on, bahaw, sinanglag, linugaw; naa pa tay gihulam sa Espanyol nga arroz a la valenciana, arroz caldo, paella, ugbp; naa say mga pagkaon nga gihimo gikan sa bugas –puto, biko, palitaw, bitso-bitso, suman, bibingka, ugbp. Kini usa lamang ka ilustrasyon sa kamahinungdanon sa pinulongan alang sa katunhayan sa usa ka kultura.

Buhi ang lengwahe, mapun-an kini – pananglitan, karong bag-o, naa na sab tay kompyuter, internet, video, digital, video cam, ugbp sa pagpasabot nga miabot na ang teknolohiya sa atong kultura. Samtang nangawala na ang ubang mga pulong nga wala na gamita –busa tingali naglisod kaayo ta sa pasulit nga gipakig-ambit ni Tomas kay wala na nato masugoki kining mga pulonga.

Sa ato pa, ang pinulongan ang salamin sa kultura. Ug kay kita natawo man sulod sa usa ka kultura, makaingon kita nga ang atong sinultihan maoy bentana sa atong pagkamao. Kung ilimod nato ang atong pagkamao, unsa may atong barogan? Mga langyaw nga tinan-awan o opinyon kay mas sikat kini? Mga langyaw nga pinulongan kay sosyal?

Makasusubo nga palandongon nga pipila sa atong mga batan-on karon naghunahuna nga sikat sila kung mag-Iningles kaysa mag-Binisaya. Maayo na lang kay daghan pa kog matagboan nga mga tinun-an dinhi sa Unibersidad sa Pilipinas sa Diliman nga dili maulaw magbinisaya. Gani, nagtuon mag Binisaya ang ilang mga higalang Tagalog kay aron masabtan sila. Apan kadaghanan karon mag-code switch sa Ingles ug Bisaya o Tagalog. Madunggan usab kini sa mga taga-akademya, dili makadiretsog istoryag Binisaya, kay masaktan gayod kinig Iningles. Ngano man kaha? Tungod ba kay ang Iningles na ang dagan sa ilang hunahuna?

Maayo gayod ang makat-on sa Iningles kay makatabang kinig dako kanato sa atong pakigkukabildo sa kalibotan. Daghan usab ug trabaho nga atong makuha. Maayo gayod kini, basta dili lamang nato hikalimtan ang kaugalingon natong pinulongan. Dili gayod nato ikapadayag ang lumad natong kultura pinaagi sa ubang sinultihan.

Kung buot natong ipatunhay ug ipreserbar ang atong pinulongan, kinahanglan gamiton ta kini: itudlo sa atong mga anak, bisan asa kita –sa ubang nasod man o sa Pilipinas (nakaila kog daghang Bisaya sa Manila nga magtinagalog na sa ilang mga panimalay, busa dili na makamaong mobinisaya ang ilang mga anak); magsulat kitag mga balak, mga nobela, mga awit, mga komentaryo, ugbp. sa Binisaya; magpasiugda kitag mga indigay gamit ang Binisaya; mamulong kita sa mga miting gamit ang Binisaya, bisan pag larino kitang mo-Iningles.

Ang dangatan sa atong pinulongan anaa kanatong mga lumad nga naggamit niini. Tinuod nga gipairal sa atong gobierno karon ang Filipino ingon nga nasudnong pinulongan. Apan bisan pa niana, nagtuo ako nga dili mamatay ang Binisaya kung dili ta kini tugtan. Oo, mamatay lamang kini kung kitang mga Bisaya mismo ang moselyo sa lapida niini. Ipakita ta ngadto sa uban nga gimanggad nato ang atong pinulongan ug kita manglimbasog aron kini molambo ug motunhay. Kung dili kita ang maningkamot, kinsa pa man?

Pagkaanindot sa kultura nga atong namat-an! Pagkatahom sa pinulongan nga nahimong tulay niini ngadto sa kalibotan! Dili ta kini pasagdan kay basig kita mismo ang magdala niini ngadto sa pagkapukan. Ang mga Bisaya nga nagpakabana maoy makahatag ug kusog sa atong kultura ug pinulongan. Magpahitakos kita aron makab-ot ta ang atong gidamgo nga pagtamod sa atong isigka-Pilipino ug sa kalibotan.

Alang sa kultura ug dilang Binisaya,

Jessie Grace U Rubrico, PhD
www.languagelinks.org
Philippine languages to the world!

Word Builder Part 2

Mga sakop sa banay (family members)

Note:

1. “mga” marks the plural number for common nouns in Bisaya
2. “mga” precedes common nouns – or persons, things, places, events, etc
Examples: mga bata (children); mga inahan (mothers), mga tawo (people)
mga libro (books); mga sapatos (shoes); mga dulaan (toys)
mga tulonghaan/eskwelahan (schools); mga sinihan (moviehouses)
mga anibersaryo (anniversaries); mga pista (feast days)

3. “sakop” -member; syn., membro, miembro
4. “banay” -family; syn, pamilya

Mga sakop sa banay (Family Members):

1. amahan – father; vocative: Tatay; Papa; Daddy

2. inahan – mother; vocative: Nanay, Mama, Mommy

3. ginikanan – parent

4. igsoon -sibling

5. igsoong lalaki – brother
magulang nga lalaki – older brother; vocative, Manong, Nong

6. igsoong babaye- sister
magulang nga babaye -older sister; vocative, Manang, Nang

7. manghod – younger sibling

8. magulang – older sibling

9. ig-agaw – cousin

10. uyoan – uncle; vocative – Tiyo, Yoyo, Tito

11. iyaan – aunt; vocative -Tiya, Tita

12. pag-umangkon:
pag-umangkong babaye – niece
pag-umangkong lalaki -nephew

13. apohan – grandparent
apohang lalaki -grandfather; vocative – Lolo
apohang babaye – grandmother; vocative – Lola

14. apo – grandchild

15. umagad -son- or daughter-in-law

16. ambay -daughter-in-law

17. ugangan -parent-in-law

18. bayaw – brother- or sister-in-law

19. bilas -husband of wife’s sister

Ang pamilya ni Pedro. May tulo ka igsoon si Pedro:
ang iyang Manong Jose, Manang Iska, ug ang iyang
manghod nga si Lalay. Doktor si Jose, nars si Iska,
ug estudyante pa sila si Pedro ug Lalay.

Si Nora ang ilang inahan ug si Mario ang ilang amahan.

Word Builder – Bisaya

Word Builder – Bisaya

Kumusta kamong tanan!

We are going to begin a series on vocabulary building. Bisaya root words can produce
a lot of words. It would be fun building your vocabulary by association.

Let’s start with the word “Baláy”

1. baláy- house

Asa ang inyong balay?
Kana ang balay sa doktor.
Kadto ang balay nga tawhan
Kini ang among balay
Mao ba kini ang inyong balay?
Walay balay ang mga bata.
Kinahanglan nilag balay
Walay nada ang balay sa iyang igsoon.

2. balaybalay – provisional house, hut, shack

Gamay kaayo ang balaybalay
Para sa mga bisita kanang balay-balay
Nindot ang balaybalay sa mga bata
Dunay balaybalay duol sa suba

3. tagbaláy – owner of house

Kinsa ang tagbalay?
Wala dinhi ang tagbalay
Ayo, ayo, nia ba ang tagbalay?
Maayong Pasko, tagbalay!
Maayo kaayo ang tagbalay.
Walay sala ang tagbalay

4. kabalayán – group of houses; houses collectively

Duol sa kabalayan ang merkado
Didto sa kabalayan duol sa tampi sa suba

5. panimalay – household

Malipayon ang ilang panimalay
Walay ganahan sa gubot nga panimalay

6. panumbalay – going to a neighbor’s house; neighboring

Ayaw panumbalay

7. balayan – any empty shell used as house;

balayan sa pusporo (match container)
Bakante na ang balayan sa pusporo

-also base in some children’s play
like tago-tago (hide and seek), inapasa (catch-me-if-you-can)

Dagan paingon sa balayan
Wala kaabot sa balayan si Pedro

balayan – also a place where some animals like bees, stay

Kuyaw moduol sa balayan sa putyokan
Asa ang balayan sa putyokan?

Feel free to ask questions or comment on this posting by visiting my blog at http://blog.languagelinks.org
Next part is still on “balay”

Maayong pagtuon!

Review in Verb formation and Derivation

Kumusta kamong tanan? Kumusta ang inyong binisaya?
Kumusta ang inyong mga minahal sa kinabuhi?

Sugdan ta ning higayona ang pag-review sa mga verb nga atong
natun-an. Tan-awon ta ang root word nga “palít”

* palít – buy; purchase

Ang mga pormang berbo (verb) niini mao ang mosunod:

mopalit ; magpalit; mamalit – to buy; to purchase

* Mopalit siyag libro; Mipalit siyag libro.
* Magpalit ug pagkaon si Nena; Nagpalit si Pedro ug awto
* Mamalit ang mga maestra ug libro; Namalit ang mga maestrag libro

paliton, palitan, ipalit

* Paliton ba sa doktor ang awto?
* Gipalit na sa maestra ang libro
* Palitan ni Pedro ang iyang inahan ug balay
* Gipalitan na ni Pedro ang iyang inahan ug balay
* Ipalit ni Pedro ug balay ang iyang kwarta
* Gipalit na ni Pedro ug balay ang iyang kwarta

pagpalit; paliti, palita

* Pagpalit ug pansit; Ayaw pagpalit ug pansit
* Palita ang libro; Ayaw palita ang libro
* Paliti si Nanay ug tambal; Ayaw paliti si Nanay ug tambal

Noun derivatives:

* pinalit -things bought: Asa ang inyong mga pinalit?
* pumapalit, mamalitay –buyers: Sila ang mga pumapalit/mamalitay
* palaliton -merchandise : Mahal na kaayo ang mga palaliton karon
* palitanan -place for buying: Asa man ang palitanan sa tiket?
*

Please feel free to ask questions on these verb forms. Please cite Dr. Rubrico when you use
any of the materials above. Thank you.


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